1 min read · 99 words
Three emergencies, one blot year, and the 44th Amendment safety harness.
On this page
The three
- National 352: war, external aggression, armed rebellion; 44th tightened: written cabinet advice, LS approval by special majority in 30 days, monthly renewal.
- Presidentu2019s rule 356: failure of constitutional machinery; S.R. Bommai 1994: floor test, judicial review, no dissolution before approval.
- Financial emergency 360: revenue distribution directions; never proclaimed — not even in the 1991 balance-of-payments crisis.
1975 lessons
- ADM Jabalpur habeas collapse reversed in Puttaswamy 2017.
- 44th Amendment 1978: 20-21 non-suspendable, armed rebellion replaces internal disturbance.
Revise in 30 seconds
- 352/356/360: three emergencies.
- Bommai: floor test + judicial review.
- 44th: the safety harness.
- Habeas ruling reversed in 2017.
Quick revision
- National 352: war, external aggression, armed rebellion; 44th tightened: written cabinet advice, LS approval by special majority in 30 days, monthly…
- Presidentu2019s rule 356: failure of constitutional machinery; S.R. Bommai 1994: floor test, judicial review, no dissolution before approval.
- Financial emergency 360: revenue distribution directions; never proclaimed — not even in the 1991 balance-of-payments crisis.
- ADM Jabalpur habeas collapse reversed in Puttaswamy 2017.
- 44th Amendment 1978: 20-21 non-suspendable, armed rebellion replaces internal disturbance.
- 352/356/360: three emergencies.
