1 min read · 123 words
Two offices, two discretions, two pardon matrices — and reservation politics.
President powers
- Executive, legislative, financial, diplomatic, military, emergency; veto options: absolute, suspensive, pocket.
- Ordinance Article 123: retrospective validation post-DC Wadhwa; 2017 guidelines required.
- Pardon Article 72: pardon, commutation, remission, respite, reprieve — all court-martial and death cases.
Governor specifics
- Appointment, no impeachment, term at President pleasure; discretion: reservation of bills, recommendation of Presidentu2019s rule.
- Articles 200-201 discretion; SC in State of Punjab v Principal Secretary 2023: no indefinite sit on bills; TN Governor case 2025 hardened timelines.
- Pardon Article 161: state-law offences; court-martial excluded like Article 72.
Pardon contrast
- 72: union-law offences, death, court-martial; 161: state-law offences.
Revise in 30 seconds
- President veto: absolute, suspensive, pocket.
- Ordinance: Art 123, 6-week test.
- Art 72 vs 161: union vs state offences.
- Governor cannot pocket bills indefinitely (2023-25 SC).
Quick revision
- Executive, legislative, financial, diplomatic, military, emergency; veto options: absolute, suspensive, pocket.
- Ordinance Article 123: retrospective validation post-DC Wadhwa; 2017 guidelines required.
- Pardon Article 72: pardon, commutation, remission, respite, reprieve — all court-martial and death cases.
- Appointment, no impeachment, term at President pleasure; discretion: reservation of bills, recommendation of Presidentu2019s rule.
- Articles 200-201 discretion; SC in State of Punjab v Principal Secretary 2023: no indefinite sit on bills; TN Governor case 2025 hardened timelines.
- Pardon Article 161: state-law offences; court-martial excluded like Article 72.